Energy Sources of the Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Energy Sources of the Future - Essay Example Biomass Biomass is energy from organic matter and is usually in the form of â€Å"clean† carbo-hydrogen gas or COH2 (Valone). Biomass is also known as biofuel and is produced from organic material such as woodchips, animal wastes and seaweed (â€Å"Biomass†). These organic components are made into oil, natural gas or methanol. The COH2 gas derived from biomass â€Å"burns cleanly, [produces] water vapor† and a limited amount of CO2, which is the one the biomass consumed while it was still growing as a plant (Valone). David Wallman patented the process of producing COH2 from any biomass solution, and this is currently used as â€Å"municipal sewage treatment† and perhaps a replacement for foreign oil in the future (Valone). The biomass power station, which operates using David Wallman’s patented process, involves the burning of the animal or plant wastes. The heat that is produced from the burning is converted into steam and this steam powers the tur bines that convert mechanical energy into electricity (â€Å"Biomass†). When it comes to availability and renewability, the availability of biomass depends on the supply of organic wastes, which are actually relatively cheap to use (â€Å"Biomass†). ... Perhaps the only environmental issue associated with biomass is the greenhouse gas, which results from the combustion of organic fuel or biomass (â€Å"Biomass†). This would naturally bring about pollution. Other harmful effects of biomass production include destruction of the ecosystem, loss of biodiversity, competition for land and food, and excessive demand of the organic matter for water (Langeveld & Corre). Wind Power Wind power is obviously another very good alternative to fossil fuel use, and one that is becoming a more popular option in the United States (Walker). At the speed of around 25 km per hour, wind power can be used to produce electricity from towers with wind-blown propellers. The mechanical energy from the movement of the propellers is then converted into electricity (â€Å"Wind Power†). Wind power is both available and renewable because it needs no fuel; therefore, it is produced for free by the wind, except in some places which are not naturally win dy (â€Å"Wind Power†). Coastal areas, as well as open plains and the tops of rounded hills are the perfect places for the construction of wind farms because of the high availability of wind in these areas (â€Å"Wind Power†). Wind power is relatively practical and cheap at the cost of around â€Å"4 cents per kilowatt-hour† and is usually put up as â€Å"offshore wind farms† in open-water areas (Walker). In fact, Ireland’s eight-mile Arklow Bank Offshore Wind Park is made up of wind towers that can provide electrical power for 16,000 homes (Walker). As to environmental impact, wind power does not produce any greenhouse gases or other toxic waste products (â€Å"Wind Power†). Nevertheless, the propellers can occasionally kill birds that

Finding White Elephants in Dialogue Essay Example for Free

Finding White Elephants in Dialogue Essay Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† presents its main subject not in a blatant manner but through the sum of what is implied and what is said. The title itself alludes to the negativity in which the situation is being accepted by the two main characters, though at varied levels. While the American man perceives their situation as the â€Å"white elephant†, the girl does not think so, at least not as much. This may be because she can think of another white elephant in her life. Meanwhile, the real action happens in the interaction between the American man and the girl, named Jig. Therefore, the text requires careful observation of human relationship in action. Furthermore, perusal of dialogue and even some symbolism reveal the couple’s reaction to that pregnancy and their contemplation of ending the â€Å"problem† or â€Å"white elephant† through abortion. A â€Å"white elephant† is after all â€Å"a metaphor for an expensive and burdensome property† (Link 67). In this short story, through the aid of dialogue the reader can perceive that the white elephant can represent something more subtle than Jig’s pregnancy; it can represent the man’s weakness and inability to take responsibility for his actions. The differences between the American man and the â€Å"generic† girl are emphasized subtly, but these differences affect the way in which the relationship can be interpreted, especially through these differences’ effects on the quiet but steady unraveling of the relationship. For example, the very appointment of a nationality to the man signifies that the girl is foreign, and therefore different from him. â€Å"In an impressive dialogue-driven narrative prose, Hemingway’s unnamed American male protagonist dominates the meeker, weaker-sexed Jig†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rankin 234). They are separated by culture, nationality, gender and even by age. The American man has not impregnated a woman who may be nearer his supposed level of maturity and responsibility, but a young girl who he may have seduced. The fact that he is the one who cannot take responsibility for the pregnancy is ironic. It is also difficult for a girl who may naturally have expected to lean on an older man during crisis. In contrast to the idea that Jig is a young innocent who has been seduced and can be easily manipulated is Jig’s display of wit as compared to the more reactionary older man (Rankin 236). Jig sometimes denies degree of knowledge such as her familiarity with Anis de Toro: â€Å"I don’t know†¦is it good with water? (Hemingway)†. However, her conversation reveals that she is not as ignorant nor naive as she seems. She may be young but she is not to be swayed into making a decision just because it will please her lover. She says â€Å"Everything tastes like liquorice, especially all the things that you’ve waited for so long, like absinthe† (Hemingway). Jig is exerting some will, declaring what she wants but not directly. The point comes across anyway. While the man thinks of her pregnancy as the white elephant in their relationship, she does not believe it to be so: â€Å"They are lovely hills. They don’t really look like white elephants. I just meant the coloring of their skin through the trees† (Hemingway). Jig believes that although the pregnancy may be difficult on both of them, it promises something beautiful. She has her own opinion on the situation and is not afraid to say what is in her mind. Because there is an emphasis on the meaning of conversation in â€Å"Hills like White Elephants†, in this â€Å"barely 1500 words long [short story], repeated items are notable† (Link 67). It is through repetition that ideas and the story itself are instilled into the readers’ minds despite the ambiguous dialogue and seemingly mundane setting. â€Å"The couple’s power relationship also emerges in the prominence of questions in the text. Much of the dialogue†¦is a trading of questions and answers in which Jig asks a total of seventeen questions, thirteen of which are yes-no questions. The man only asks four questions, three of which he does not ask until the text is nearly finished† (Link 68). The couple is therefore engaged in a verbal tug of war in which each tries to achieve the agreement of the other. Jig is more curious and assertive, despite the fact that the man is expected to have more power over her, because of his gender and more mature age. She asks more questions about their situation, is almost pulled towards the man’s argument but continues to wonder openly about their situation. This questioning mind prevents her from fully regarding her pregnancy as a white elephant. â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† is a testament to the power of dialogue; though the wordings are not direct, the repetition makes up for any diminishing of clarity. The subject of whether or not to have an abortion performed on Jig has been handled in a subtle manner which separates it from other short stories, and even novels that deal with pregnancy out of wedlock and the question of what solution to take. Even what the metaphor will represent can be contested: if indeed the white elephant or burden is the pregnancy or the American man himself. Works Cited: Hemingway, Ernest. Hills like White Elephants. 12 April 2008 http://www. moonstar. com/~acpjr/Blackboard/Common/Stories/WhiteElephants. html. Link, Alex. Staking Everything On It: A Stylistic Analysis of Linguistic Patterns in Hills like White Elephants. The Hemingway Review (n. d. ): 66-74. Rankin, Paul. Hemingways Hills like White Elephants. Explicator (n. d. ): 234-237.

Black Friday: Tornado In Canada :: essays research papers

Black Friday: Tornado in Canada "The roof was caving in and I thought I was going to die. It was like your worst nightmare!" said Mary Grandish. Most people think they will die when they see,or hear of a tornado heading their way. Although all the details of the formation of a tornado are not yet understood, it is known that tornados are the result of great instability in the atmosphere and often appear during severe thunderstorms (see appendix #1 for a scientific explaination on how it really starts). Strong updrafts present in severe thunderstorms result in a rotational momentum. Falling rain and/or snow probably drags air from aloft when it comes falling down. The combination of severe thunderstorms and sweltering heat are the breeding grounds for a tornados' formation. The first sign of a tornado is a strong dust whirlwind along with a funnel growing from the storm cloud. A more organized funnel descends farther from the cloud, sometimes even touching the ground. Funnel winds generally move counterclockwise and the funnel can move slowly or at about 100/ft per second. Eventually the tornado becomes fragmented and dissipates causing the end of the tornado. Tornados are the cause of great destruction and devistation in the area in which they occur. For example the Tri-State Tornado of 1925 occured in the Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas States. This tornado was one of the largest tornados recorded in history. It killed nearly 625 people. However, the tornado which strikes closest to home has occured on what Canadians have come to know as "BLACK FRIDAY". The tornado of "Black Friday" touched down on July 31st, 1987 at 2:59 pm. (See appendix #2 for the torndo path). (See appendix #'s 4&5 for maps locating the disaster sights). 27 people were killed; 25 people died during the tornado and 2 died later in the hospital. Hundreds of other people were injured and thousands were left homeless. Edmontonians faced a horrible natural phenomenon which destroyed homes, farms, and businesses. (See appendix #3 for a picture of what it looked like after the tornado struck up the street). More than 25 auto dealers faced a loss of more than $100,000 worth of cars, which were struck by hail measurihg at up to 10 inches in circumference. Not only were auto dealers' cars affected, but many other privately owned cars were damaged to varying degrees. The Kennedale storm sewer overloaded and outfall collapsed, which caused many people to call in complaining of flooded basements. Damage estimites were listed at between $150-$300 million dollars. $20 million dollars damage was done to Evergreen Mobile Home Trailer Park; $50-$70 million dollars

Human ideal Essay

Human Ideal is a very subjective idea across the board. There are many factors that influence a person’s perspective on a prefect human ideal. The most prevalent factor seems to be the culture of the society. The culture and the society I was raised in brought me to the finalization of my personal human ideal. People should live to fulfill the ultimate good of happiness without stepping on others to reach it and at the same time to avoid extreme and take the middle way. My human ideal is pretty much stated in â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle†, but the other texts have their own validated ways to reach the human ideal. The Odyssey portrayed a character who seems to be the ideal mortal. His name was Odysseus and he had fought for his country with bravery. The gods were all in favor of his homecoming from Troy because of his bravery. â€Å"You dog, you never thought I would any more come back from the land of Troy, and because of that you despoiled my household,†¦ and sought to win my wife while I was still alive, fearing neither the immortal gods who hold the wide heaven,†¦Now upon you all terms of destruction are fastened.†(Odyssey of Homer, 22:35-41) Odysseus’ house had been overtaken be suitors and the gods lead him to bring justice to the suitors. The suitors did not fear the â€Å"immortal gods† like Odysseus did so they were fated to be destroyed by the God-like Odysseus. The suitors would be an example of an anti-human ideal in the culture the book is based on. Gods play a huge role in deciding the correct way to be a mortal. If you did not fear them and respect their power, you would be looked down upon and would have â€Å"all terms of destruction† fastened upon you. Odysseus was a war hero who fought in Troy for his people and he alone survived and because of this he was held high above everyone else this is the major reason Zeus would grant him a glorious homecoming. In† Euthyphro†, the human ideal is portrayed to be very different than â€Å"The Odysseus†. In order in to be prefect human, you had to live life without  certainty and to always ask questions even when you feel you are correct in your way of thinking. Socrates believed that people were often ignorant and talked in a way where they were correct even when they far from it. Euthyphro was on his way to court where he had run into Socrates and Socrates asked him what he business was there. Euthyphro was there to prosecute his father for murder of a servant who had also committed murder. Socrates being the human ideal example for this text brought up the question of â€Å"If you had no clear knowledge of piety and impiety you would never have ventured to prosecute your old father for murder on behalf of servant† (Euthyphro). Socrates tested Euthyphro’s sense of piety because Socrates thought it was wrong that he had no doubt in his mind it was justified to bring his own father to court. Socrates believed you should always ask questions because not everything in the world can be black and white. Socrates believed that all things had a grey area where what is piety and what is impiety was unclear. This brought of the question should he not bring a murderer to count merely because it’s his own father and does it even make a difference if the person he murdered was a murderer himself? My personal favorite human ideal of all the books is the one from The â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle†. The basic idea behind Aristotle’s book is that the ultimate goal in life is to achieve true happiness. This particular idea makes the most sense to me. â€Å"Happiness, then, is found to be something perfect and self-sufficient, being the end to which our actions are directed† (Aristotle, Page 15). This quote states that happiness is the final, the end and all other things will lead up to this. Happiness is stated to direct our actions because people all want to be happy. This idea gives people the feeling of â€Å"self-sufficient† because no other person can make another person achieve the ultimate good because it is all dependent on the person. Happiness is a perfect thing because no one truly knows what it is until they reach it themselves. The idea of happiness is subjective around the world given the different cultures so it is impossible to even begin to describe specifically how to reach the ultimate good. He also says â€Å"Since happiness is a certain sort of activity of the soul in accord with complete virtue, we must examine virtue; for that will perhaps also be a way to study happiness better† (Aristotle, 16). Happiness is a virtue and in  order to know happiness then you need to have an idea of what a virtue is. Virtue is the behavior showing high moral standards. Moral standards are important in all culture and especially in the Geek culture because of the gods who everyone seems to fear so greatly. They try to not offend any of the gods so their virtue is based around that for the most part. Which means their ultimate good involves pleasing the gods in order to achieve their goal of happiness. In John, the human ideal is a tad more divine than Aristotle’s view. John focuses more on having faith without doubt of its truth. Throughout the bible there are many examples that can be attached to this idea and John is no exception. Jesus was sent out in to the wilderness to survive for forth days and forty nights. The devil tempted him with power and ending of this suffering in the wilderness, but Jesus’ faith was much too strong for the devil. â€Å"The devil led him up to a high place and showed him in an instant all the kingdoms of the world. And he said to him, ‘I will give you all their authority and splendor; it has been given to me, and I can give it to anyone I want to. If you worship me, it will all be yours’† (John). The devil showed him the power he could have had if he would worship him, but of course it was in vain given he is Jesus and there is nothing in the world that could corrupt his faith. Jesus is the prime example of an ideal human and people believed if they acted like Jesus, then their life would have meaning and be complete. However, if it were any other mortal who was confronted with the offer that the devil made may have taken all that power in a heartbeat. The only way a person could reason with themselves in order to not take that deal would require a lot of faith in God and truth their decision may be rewarded in some way. The ideals presented in the Bible require people to have great faith in the Lord. My personal view of the human ideal is fairly general since I have no idea how to even get close to a perfect way to be human. My ideas agree with Aristotle in that happiness should be the ultimate goal no matter what way you achieve it. The one exception I have is that your path to happiness shouldn’t put others down and obstruct their path to happiness. If you feel there is no other option to reach your goal, then think again because there  is always a middle way and some way to reach your goal without hurting others. You need to live for each other and of course put your life or loved ones at the top of your list, but even a homeless drug addict on the street is a person and should be treated as such regardless of their poor choices in life. This also brings of the issue of what is that person has hurt someone. I feel that even if a person has intentional hurt another human being should at least have the chance to change unless they murdered, raped, or committed crimes as extreme as those. However, if the person shows no signs of regret or urge to reform, then justice will be properly laid onto the person in question. In this world, justice is a must because without it nothing is stopping people from obstructing other’s paths to happiness. Happiness is all too important in life to let a few hurt or corrupt the many. Human ideals seem to play a big role in culture, literature, and religion. However, there is of course no true human ideal because no two people think exactly the same way. The ideals ranged from fighting for your home and to kill for glory to achieving the ultimate good of happiness. Perfection in this world is merely an idea and it has a hard time fitting in with anything since nothing is truly perfect.

Benefits of Swimming

Swimming Rejuvenating, the body mind and spirit†¦. Fitness development The fitness development of swimming can be classified into1 group and 2 sub-sections: Performing swimming regularly can help one in building cardio which is important for both weight loss and good cardiovascular health. When the workout is increased gradually by swimming strokes in the water, the heart rate and muscle activity is improved. This increases blood flow to your muscles, which results in more nutrients being delivered to them. It decreases risks of cardiovascular diseases like high blood pressure ands prevents obesity when calories are being burnt during your workout sessions. Always remember to warm up before a proper swimming workout session. After a workout session you can do a few basic laps to cool down and help your muscles recover and relax your body after a workout session. When you are doing high-volume workouts, with a good amount of breathing, this is an aerobic swimming workout. Anaerobic swimming workouts have to do with sprinting. However, simply sprinting, even if it is on a pace clock, does not make the workout anaerobic. By extending the rest period, and demanding the maximal speed of the athlete during springs, is an anaerobic swimming workout. By just performing simple water exercises known as water Aerobics, one can get a great workout session. Your aerobic endurance is your ability to exercise your whole body for a long period of time, at a moderate intensity like swimming. When you are first starting to train and you are not very active start off slowly. To increase your aerobic level you need to overload your body. It is a low impact workout session and so any injuries to your joints and muscles are prevented. Equipment needed? When in competition – Swimsuit: Usually very tight and sometimes longer down the legs and arms. This provides the least amount of drag so you take off is al lot faster. Goggles: Protect your eyes and see everything more clearly avoid any damage to the eyes and contract water-borne infections. Cap: Cuts out drag that hair has (weight wise). Swimming block: The raised platform from which a swimmer starts their race. It has a non-slip surface. Ear plugs: are made of rubber, they protect ears from water and noise and easy to install and remove Stopwatch: is used to keep count of time for laps racing ect. Towel: absorbent cloth used to dry the body. Racing Lane: These lines are made of polypropylene rope and pliable plastic floats, these separate the pool and are used for swimmers to have individual lanes. When in training – Fins: Work your legs and add propulsion to your swimming with fins. Long fins are great for beginners = develop ankle flexibility. Short fins are great = speed to your swimming. Kickboard. To work your legs exclusively, it allows your upper body to float while you kick with your legs. Paddles: Increase pull against the water. Where can I swim? The ideal location in which to perform water aerobics is in an indoor swimming pool where the water temperature is controlled. Health clubs offer swimming facilities along with the regular gym membership, they provide a race – style pool with classes and programs were you would be watched over by a professional trainer so that you can obtain maximum results during practice/training and maintain no injury /health risks these however are the latest trends to do in group training. Outside ponds, pools or lakes can be used, but an indoor pool is preferred. Benefits of swimming Physical Benefits: It reduces blood pressure, and risk of having a stroke. It reduces your resting heart rate and increases your cardiac input. It makes your heart pump blood effectively and efficiently therefore your heart muscle strength increases Swimming as an exercise requires all the movement muscles to co-ordinate at the same time. Water creates more resistance. As a result of this you develop stronger muscles, maintain muscular balance and ehabilitates you muscles. Good stretching habits, can greatly improve flexibility. The smoothness of the movements helps lengthen and stretch muscles giving the appearance of being more toned, and having a healthy physique. Swimming is a very low impact exercise taking away any excess pressure on the bones, joints and muscles. It is one of the safest and cushioned forms of physical exercise. It improves the ability to control and maintain health y weight During 30 minutes of swimming it is possible to burn 260 calories. Low water temperatures also stimulate blood circulation, builds up endurance and metabolism Social Benefits: Whether at the beach or a pool the best form of recreation is swimming; it is a lot of fun and can be great way to socialize, friendships are made and you meet/interact with people from all different walks of life. You can join a water aerobics class or a master’s swim practice and socialize while you workout because it’s a safe work out program. Spiritual/Emotional benefits: Helps develop a positive attitude but mainly swimming forces you to regulate your breathing and allows more oxygen to flow into muscles. It also helps in massaging your muscles and relieves stress and tension. Being surrounded by the warm water facilitates a calming and meditative feeling. Contributes to a feeling of well-being as well as renewing energy and teaching patience. For a first time swimmer it removes the fear of water, preferably swimming should be introduced at an early age. Environmental responsibilities you should consider Chlorine in swimming pools- The chemicals found in chlorinated water are effective in purifying your pool but are discovered to have negative effects on the environment. Chlorine dissolves when mixed with water. It can also escape from water and enter air under certain conditions. Once in air or in water, chlorine reacts with other chemicals. It combines with inorganic material in water to form chloride salts, and with organic material in water to form chlorinated organic chemicals. Chlorine causes environmental harm at low levels. Plants and animals are not likely to store chlorine. However, laboratory studies show that exposure to chlorine in air can affect the immune system, the blood, the heart and the respiratory system of animals. Therefore Chlorine is especially harmful to organisms living in water and in oil. Chlorine affects towards humans – It is also known that pure chlorine is very toxic, even small amounts can be deadly to your health. When small amounts of chlorine are breathed in during short time periods, it can affect the reputational system. Effects vary from coughing and chest pains, skin and eyes. Alternatives include -Bromine has less of an odor therefore it can b e used as a sanitiser for an indoor pools. Salt is another alternative. Basically you need a unit called a Salt Cell, which passes an electric current through the water and converts salt into chlorine. Cancer risk among people drinking chlorinated water is 93% higher than among those whose water does not contain chlorine. † *Don't eat too much and then swim, allow at least an hour after a meal before swimming. Don't swim after taking alcohol or on an empty stomach. Make sure your pool is clean; dirty pools can give you an earache or perhaps even an upset stomach. Over chlorinated pools will be more subtle and are more dangerous. Always shower before and after swimming you never know what you might bring into the water, in terms of bacteria. When inside- Don't swim below diving boards, someone may land on your head always check areas where the depth of the pool changes suddenly. Don't use a mask or fins in the pool rather save them for the beach. Don't run near the edge of the pool, you may slip and hurt someone or yourself. Always check the temperature of the pools before diving in- make sure you do not dive in a shallow area. Always make sure you were your swimming caps, earplug and goggles, this prevents infection in the eyes, ears and chlorine damages your hair. Make sure you do not overly exercise (when you are tired stop and rest) and make sure you are in good shape to swim. When outside or at the beach -Choose a safe area many beaches have safe swimming areas clearly marked with buoy lines and with life guards on duty Beware of waves they can flip you over and possibly injure you. Headlands and rocky areas can quickly be surrounded by tides and at some beaches the water depth can increase suddenly – so go with caution to avoid this. Avoid strong currents; they can drag you away from shore or onto rocks. Protect against heat stroke and dehydration in hot summer weather. Aim or purpose of swimming Swimming is not only fun but is one of the best ways to stay fit and healthy. By swimming regularly you will be leading a healthy lifestyle. It is an excellent form of exercise where all the muscles of the body are used when one swims. It is a sport that will bring kids fitness and enjoyment for life. It enhances children and adults natural flexibility by exercising all of their major joints. Since swimming requires constant supply of oxygen to the muscles, it is considered as an aerobic exercise, and it is believed that this helps to reduce stress so that you can just tune out and relax. Swimming caters for all skill levels. You can perform many different exercises when in the water. It also helps develop coordination because it requires combinations of complex movements of all parts of the body, enhancing muscle function, grace, and mobility. Not only does it feel great it is also effective in weight loss. As swimming is an easy and ———————– Safety when swimming simple exercise one feels refreshed. As you enjoy working out in the water your mind is at peace and away from all the worries.

The Stars And Galaxies Essays - Spectroscopists, Stellar Astronomy

The Stars And Galaxies Essays - Spectroscopists, Stellar Astronomy The Stars And Galaxies MEGAN JACKSON MS. KEYS SCIENCE DECEMBER 5,2000 THE STARS AND GALAXIES Have you ever looked up at the sky and wondered what are those bright and shiny things up there. Stars: a natural luminious body visible in the sky especially at night. A self-luminious gaseous celestial body ofgreat mass which produces energy by means of nuclear fusion reactions, whose shape is usually spheroidal, and whose size may be as small as the earth or larger than the earths orbit. Galaxies: Any of the very large groups of stars and associated matter that are found throughout the universe. In 1802, William Wollaston noted that the spectrum of sunlight did not appear to be a continious band of colors, but rather had a series of dark lines superimposed on it. Wollaston attributed the lines to natural boundaries between colors. Joseph Fraunhofer made a more careful set of observations of the solar spectrum in 1814 and found some 600 dark lines, and he specifically measured the wavelenght of 324 of them. Many of the Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum retain the notations he created to designate them. In 1864, Sir William Huggins matched some of these dark lines in the spectra from other stars with terrestrial substances, demonstrating that the stars are made of the same materials of everyday material rather than exotic substances. This paved the way for modern spectroscopy. Since even before the discovery of the spectra, scientists had tried to find ways to catergorize stars. By observing spectra , astronomers realized that the large numbers of stars exhibit a small number of distinct patterns in their spectral lines. Classification by the spectral features quickly proved to be a powerful tool for understanding stars. The current spectral classification scheme was developed at Harvard Observatory in the early 20th century. Work was begun by Henry Draper who photographed the first spectrum of Vega in 1872. After his death, his wife donated the equipment and a sum of money to the Observatory to continue his work. The bulk of classification work was done by Annie Jump Cannon from 1918 to 1924. The original scheme used capital letters running alphabetically, but the subsequent revisions have reduced this as stellar evolution and typing has become better understood. The work was published in the Henry Draper Catalog and Henry Draper Extension which contained spectra of 225,000 stars down to ninth magnitude. The scheme is based on lines which are mainly sensitiveto stellar surface tempertures rather than actual composition differences,gravity, or luminosity. Inportant lines

Code Switching Definition and Examples in Language

Code Switching Definition and Examples in Language Code switching (also code-switching, CS) is the practice of moving back and forth between two languages  or between two dialects or registers of the same language at one time. Code switching  occurs far more often in  conversation  than in  writing. It is also called code-mixing and style-shifting.  It is studied by linguists to examine when people do it, such as under what circumstances do bilingual speakers switch from one to another, and it is studied by sociologists to determine why people do it, such as how it relates to their belonging to a group or the surrounding context of the conversation (casual, professional, etc.) Examples and Observations Code-switching performs several functions (Zentella, 1985). First, people may use code-switching to hide fluency or memory problems in the second language (but this accounts for about only 10 percent of code switches). Second, code-switching is used to mark switching from informal situations (using native languages) to formal situations (using the second language). Third, code-switching is used to exert control, especially between parents and children. Fourth, code-switching is used to align speakers with others in specific situations (e.g., defining oneself as a member of an ethnic group). Code-switching also functions to announce specific identities, create certain meanings, and facilitate particular interpersonal relationships (Johnson, 2000, p. 184). (William B. Gudykunst, Bridging Differences: Effective Intergroup Communication, 4th ed. Sage, 2004)In a relatively small Puerto Rican neighborhood in New Jersey, some members freely used code-switching styles and extreme forms of bo rrowing both in everyday casual talk and in more formal gatherings. Other local residents were careful to speak only Spanish with a minimum of loans on formal occasions, reserving code-switching styles for informal talk. Others again spoke mainly English, using Spanish or code-switching styles only with small children or with neighbors. (John J. Gumperz and Jenny Cook-Gumperz, Introduction: Language and the Communication of Social Identity. Language and Social Identity. Cambridge University Press, 1982) African-American Vernacular English and Standard American English It is common to find references to black speakers who code switch between AAVE [African-American Vernacular English] and SAE [Standard American English] in the presence of whites or others speaking SAE. In employment interviews (Hopper WIlliams, 1973; Akinnaso Ajirotutu, 1982), formal education in a range of settings (Smitherman, 2000), legal discourse (Garner Rubin, 1986), and various other contexts, it is advantageous for blacks to have code-switching competence. For a black person who can switch from AAVE to SAE in the presence of others who are speaking SAE, code switching is a skill that holds benefits in relation to the way success is often measured in institutional and professional settings. However, there are more dimensions to code switching than the black/white patterns in institutional settings. (George B. Ray, Language and Interracial Communication in the United States: Speaking in Black and White. Peter Lang, 2009) A Fuzzy-Edged Concept The tendency to reify code switching as a unitary and clearly identifiable phenomenon has been questioned by [Penelope] Gardner-Chloros (1995: 70), who prefers to view code switching as a fuzzy-edged concept. For her, the conventional view of code switching implies that speakers make binary choices, operating in one code or the other at any given time, when in fact code switching overlaps with other kinds of bilingual mixture, and the boundaries between them are difficult to establish. Moreover, it is often impossible to categorize the two codes involved in code switching as discrete and isolatable. (Donald Winford, An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003) Code Switching and Language Change The role of CS, along with other symptoms of contact, in language change is still a matter of discussion. ... On the one hand, the relationship between contact and language change is now generally acknowledged: few espouse the traditional view that change follows universal, language-internal principles such as simplification, and takes place in the absence of contact with other varieties (James Milroy 1998). On the other hand, ... some researchers still downplay the role of CS in change, and contrast it with borrowing, which is seen as a form of convergence. (Penelope Gardner-Chloros, Contact and Code-Switching. The Handbook of Language Contact, ed. by Raymond Hickey. Blackwell, 2010)

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Tourism Policy and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tourism Policy and Planning - Essay Example Tourism policy refers to the formulated guidelines that control all tourism development, operations, and management, to ensure that the government and the society attain the immediate and the long-term benefits derived from tourism (Edgell & Swanson, 2013:47). Thus, tourism policy can simply be defined as the progressive course of action that encompasses the principles, directions, guidelines, and procedures that represent the intent, objectives, and goals of the government and the society hosting the tourism visitors (Battaglia, Daddi & Rizzi, 2012:197). On the other hand, the concept of tourism planning refers to the whole process of identifying the appropriate steps that are geared towards the attainment of predetermined tourism goals and objectives (Gossling, 2012:902). The tourism planning process entails the acquisition of the knowledge regarding the tourism benefits and risks, followed by identifying the viable alternatives that allow for the enjoyment of the tourism associated benefits while limiting the associated risks. This is achieved through identifying alternatives, anticipating possible future conditions, developing the vision and finally formulating the possible course of action (Hall, 2008:21). Tourism is a sector of many economies that have been tied to many other products and services than the rest of the economic sectors globally. The complexity of tourism as a sector arises from the fact that an action geared towards allowing or limiting the growth and expansion of tourism activities has a range of spiral effects on the other sectors of the economy (Veal, 2010:215). Tourism is an activity that has allowed for leisure and vacation enjoyment in diverse environments for the tourists while benefiting the host societies both economically and culturally (Dredge & Jenkins, 2011:33). Thus, in order to sustain the mutual benefit that the tourism stakeholders attain from tourism, guidelines, and frameworks that define how the tourism activities are run are essential, making the need for tourism policy and planning is inevitable.

Zara's Supply Chain Methods Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Zara's Supply Chain Methods - Case Study Example The USP can be identified using the business model of Zara and by understanding its competitive edge over other players in the market. The case also aims at developing a strategic analysis of the market conditions, communication, branding and the competition faced by Zara. Zara does not advertise as much as its competitors. Its average advertising spend is 0.3% while 3-4% is the standard industry spend. This gives them a strategic cost advantage against their competitors. This also makes their expansion strategies more economical. The main alternative to advertising used by Zara is its store layouts and displays. Zara has a team of around 200 people exclusively working on acquiring global prime real-estate locations. They are also responsible for frequent refurbishing of the stores and creative window displaying. There is a testing facility in their headquarters where different layouts are tested and the best is selected for various stores at different locations. The peculiar business model of Zara helps them in reducing their advertising store by giving them alternative options to attract customers. This is by influencing the buying behaviors of customers. Zara updates its collection twice every week. So a usual customer of Zara knows that new styles will be awaiting them every week, making them want to pay another visit very soon. Also, if a customer does not find anything interesting to buy, he knows that he will get more choices in the coming week. New styles in Zara are added very frequently, but are not replenished. This creates a scarcity and the customers of Zara pay frequent visits to the stores so that they don't miss out on certain styles. Zara, because of its unique branding has got itself a cult image through the years. Each Zara store is redesigned every 5 years to keep up with the current fashion. Zara targets a broad range of customers and do not define their target market by age and lifestyle like traditional retailers. They target people of all age group who are educated and are sensitive to fashion and react to changes in fashion. As fashion is more globalized in recent times, Zara offers standardized fashion wear. Also, their pricing strategy is different. Outside of Spain, and particularly in the UK, it is based on more premium prices. Partly to compensate for higher distribution and rental costs, prices can be up to 40 per cent higher. Zara's positioning as an aspiration brand in the UK has the added benefit of giving the perception of clear water between itself and mass-market fast-fashion rivals such as New Look or H&M. STRATEGIC ANALYSIS USING ANSOFF'S MATRIX Market Penetration Strategy Through its unique business model, Zara encourages its existing customers to buy more. Every new style reaches the store shelves from design table in about two weeks. This fast-fashion methodology helps in remaining updated to the latest trends and makes the customers visit the stores more often. This quick inventory turnover is due to its vertically integrated supply chain and its total control over its system. Market Development Strategy Zara identifies potential segments in the market as a first step in their market development. By giving equal importance to all such segments, Zara

Employment Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employment Law - Research Paper Example Having independent contractors makes the business owners to avoid paying some accounting burdens such as overtime charges, workers compensations, health insurance costs, pension plans, and other employee benefits i.e. off duties, time rest periods like lunch breaks, and meals allowances. The business is also able to avoid such employees cost fulfilling business laws and regulations and the necessary charges. However, many workers may also decide to independent contractors in order to reduce expenses that employees face such as individual income tax return. Given all these benefits of classifying employees as independent contractors, what is the reason why employers would not treat his workers as independent employers? This is may be because of the consequences that may result if the Internal Revenue Service or even court finds out that a certain worker is an employee rather than independent contractor (Berson 50). If IRS gets an employer in such situation, the employer will pay full amounts for FICA portion, unemployment taxes, and compensation to the employee during the period in question. Additionally, all involved business directors and officers will be required to pay a penalty of 100% for the compensation of all withholding taxes, which are not paid. Following the recent introduction of the Employee Misclassification Prevention Law, and the preferred increment of $25 million dollars in 2014 federal budget for the labor department, employers can be sure of increased inspection by the government on classification of workers (Emerson 254). The Internal Revenue Services has also made announcement of inspecting over 6,000 businesses in the next three years in the firms, which are believed to have high rate of workers misclassification. Those employers who will be guilty will be forced to pay the set penalties. Although the mentioned industries by the Internal Revenue Service does not include, insurance, those employers found to use reasonable number of independ ent contractors will be a highly targeted. This will happen to be a great loss to such employers because of the penalties payments. In addition to such tax consequences due to worker misclassification as an independent contractor, if the law court was to make such determinations of whether a particular worker is not an independent contractor, the business owners will be subject to pay the claims that the worker could get. Such claims include; health allowances, retirement pension, and other employees’ fringe of benefits. The business will have to pay these benefits out of its own revenues. For instance, if such a worker was injured while working in business, the business will be liable to pay compensations to that particular worker and other benefits that the worker would have received from insurance if he had been a member of worker’s compensation insurance. The business may also be subject to suffering, pain, punitive, and pay penalties for failing to register its wo rkers with the worker’s compensation insurance coverage. Therefore, it is now easy to understand why an employer must be keen when making decisions on whether to classify a particular worker as employee or independent contractor. An error in classifying a certain worker as an independent contractor, instead of employee may be very expensive to both the business and the owner. Generally, business owners should use the â€Å"common law† definition of employment to determine whether to classi

Marketing research .. project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing research .. project - Essay Example With 95% confidence interval; it means that we accept the null hypothesis that the mean response to X166-reasonable Prices are lower than 6 and reject the alternative hypothesis that the mean response to X166-reasonable prices are higher than 6. From a practical standpoint, the results of the Univariate hypothesis test showed that respondents perceived the menu were significantly lower than 6 and this can be reflected by the mean of 4.508641975 for X14 and 4.338271605 for X16. The mean values for X22 and X32 are 4.82963 and 0.348148148 respectively. To determine if the two mean are significantly different with an equal variance, a t-statistical analysis is undertaken. The one tail results give a t-critical of 1.647649 while the two tail gives a t-critical result of 1.964318. However; going by the one tail, the t-critical is 1.647649 compared with a significance level of 0.00, we accept the null hypothesis that the two means are statistically significant. According to the book page 498, this analysis was supposed to compare the level of satisfaction between male and female-considering the mean. However, from the results there is no substantial support for the null hypothesis to ascertain that the two means are equal, and hence we conclude that male customers are significantly more satisfied than female customers. The mean values of X21, X22 and X23 are 4.82963, 4.464198 and 3.785185. The null hypothesis is to test if the mean of the variables are significantly different. The p-value=3.59 while the significant level ÃŽ ±=o.05; therefore we accept the null hypothesis that the mean of the variables are significantly different (p-value>0.05). That is, the mean perceptions of males between the two restaurants do not differ significantly on satisfaction or likelihood of

The Main Difference between Aristotles Account of Virtue and Socrates Essay

The Main Difference between Aristotles Account of Virtue and Socrates Account of Virtue - Essay Example This is because it identifies happiness as an activity of the soul which goes together with virtue. Aristotle argues that if what individuals do is the source of happiness then, happiness must identify with activity which goes with virtue. Socrates argued that being virtuous was very much related with increasing individual’s happiness. The controversy between the two is that according to Aristotle happiness should always go in accordance with virtue. On the same note, according to Socrates virtue does not necessarily need to be highly related with happiness. Aristotle attempts to criticize Socrates for his emphasis on Socratic definitions. Aristotle does not completely agree with the argument by Socrates that knowledge is important in as far as virtue is concerned. He thinks that even if there is need for knowledge it is easily attainable as suggested by Irwin (158). Aristotle also draws the analogy between acquiring knowledge and acquiring virtue. He argues that both are gain ed through repeating similar actions. Socrates argues that a virtuous soul should also be well ordered. He also argues that power of knowledge of right and the wrong is the advantage of virtue. This is because the knowledge of the two is important to crafts of measurement. ... He also argues that knowledge of the truth is not very important as one can act accidentally or be directed by someone else. Aristotle explains that virtuous actions are objective and are performed by a virtuous agent. Aristotle is in disagreement with Socrates concerning the nature of vice and ethical value as suggested by Segvic and Burnyeat (78). According to Aristotle for an action to be considered virtuous there must be an agreement with the non-rational desires. The agreement should be for reason to express the actions are supposed to be pursued. Contrary to this, according to Socrates there is no need for prior agreement by non-rational desires concerning the setting of the ends. Therefore Socrates considers that the condition necessary for an agent to attain moral knowledge is through disciplining his or her appetites and passions. The also need to be in a harmonious condition. Aristotle fails to agree with Socrates about non-rational desires lead to errors. Socrates is of th e view that strong non-rational desires results to reason making wrong judgment about what is really good. On his account of, virtue Aristotle disagrees with Socrates denying the possibility of incontinence. Socrates argues that only ignorance of what is good and wrong lies behind apparent incontinence. Contrary to this, Aristotle asserts that Socrates argument conflicts appearances he Aristotle’s perception of incontinence seems to be puzzling and their interpretation is therefore controversial. Aristotle seems to argue that incontinent individual makes the right decision. This is because he or she is moved to action by non-rational appetite that conflicts with the decisions he or she has made. The individual acts on the appetite because its strong as opposed

Marketing research .. project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing research .. project - Essay Example With 95% confidence interval; it means that we accept the null hypothesis that the mean response to X166-reasonable Prices are lower than 6 and reject the alternative hypothesis that the mean response to X166-reasonable prices are higher than 6. From a practical standpoint, the results of the Univariate hypothesis test showed that respondents perceived the menu were significantly lower than 6 and this can be reflected by the mean of 4.508641975 for X14 and 4.338271605 for X16. The mean values for X22 and X32 are 4.82963 and 0.348148148 respectively. To determine if the two mean are significantly different with an equal variance, a t-statistical analysis is undertaken. The one tail results give a t-critical of 1.647649 while the two tail gives a t-critical result of 1.964318. However; going by the one tail, the t-critical is 1.647649 compared with a significance level of 0.00, we accept the null hypothesis that the two means are statistically significant. According to the book page 498, this analysis was supposed to compare the level of satisfaction between male and female-considering the mean. However, from the results there is no substantial support for the null hypothesis to ascertain that the two means are equal, and hence we conclude that male customers are significantly more satisfied than female customers. The mean values of X21, X22 and X23 are 4.82963, 4.464198 and 3.785185. The null hypothesis is to test if the mean of the variables are significantly different. The p-value=3.59 while the significant level ÃŽ ±=o.05; therefore we accept the null hypothesis that the mean of the variables are significantly different (p-value>0.05). That is, the mean perceptions of males between the two restaurants do not differ significantly on satisfaction or likelihood of

My views about Human Resource Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My views about Human Resource Development - Essay Example Competency development and employee retention have become the key areas of concern for HR professionals. They serve as mentors, coaches, succession planners and counselors in order to inculcate motivation in organizational personnel to display best performance. As the organizational challenges have increased, the time has arrived for the HR professionals to be acquainted with complete understanding of the organization in the broader spectrum. The HR must have representation in the organizational decision making as well as policy making. It is the responsibility of an HR professional to make due effort for promotion of ethics and morality in the organizational culture. In the present age, organizational personnel are becoming more and more diverse in terms of race, gender, age and ethnicity. Most importantly, the HR professionals should play an important role in managing diversity in the workplace. This involves resolving interpersonal conflicts and allocating right responsibilities t o the right individual at the right time. Multiculturalism is an essential feature of organizations in the present age. An organization has to have diversity of talent in order to come up with innovative ideas that are the biggest need of the hour.

Power in of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Power in of Mice and Men Essay The theme of power is prevalent throughout the novel Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck uses various methods and techniques to establish the dynamics of power on the ranch. In the first extract, George and Lennie are in the brush and we get a strong sense of George’s parental control over Lennie, but it also shows how Lennie’s physical stature gives him a degree of power over George. In extract two we meet Curley for the first time, and his authority over the ranch workers is clearly asserted through the various ways in which Steinbeck describes him. And finally, in extract three, we see the first fight of the novel. The fight is very diverse in how it portrays power. At different stages in the fight some people have more authority over others and we see how the workers feel more powerful together as opposed to individually. In this extract the ‘hierarchy’ of power on the ranch is very shaken up. Extract one focuses on George and Lennie’s relationship. Even from the onset words such as ‘’timidly’’, ‘’softly’’, and ‘’gently’’ help to establish the dynamics of their relationship. These words portray Lennie as a weak, almost fragile character in contrast to words such as ‘’jerked’’, ‘’scowled’’, and ‘’bastard’’ which portray George as impatient and annoyed, almost like an exasperated parent. Steinbeck uses a multitude of exclamation marks to emphasise George’s frustration. Ellipses are also used throughout the extract to show how Lennie hesitates and stutters though his sentences. This clearly shows that he is unable to recall information and is, at times, very nervous. This reiterates the fact that George holds the reins of power in the relationship. It is significant, maybe, that Steinbeck describes George as a ‘’little man’’. It points out that physical stature does not equate power in this relationship. If this was not true the tables would be turned as Lennie towers over George, which is why it is strange that he is so reliant on George. This really shows how Lennie is less powerful. Lennie’s metal disability makes him vulnerable because he is unable to retain information. This is shown through Lennie’s very simple language. â€Å"..But it didn’t do no good† Steinbeck also uses many question marks to show how Lennie is constantly asking questions and therefore constantly seeking guidance from George, and again, that’s what gives George the edge over Lennie. When discussion moves to the bus tickets and work cards Lennie realises that he doesn’t have his. â€Å"He looked down at the ground in despair† which shows that he is ashamed and perhaps a little frightened of George’s reaction, but Steinbeck then goes on to say that George took responsibility for both of the work cards, knowing that Lennie could not be trusted. This, again, demonstrates the balance of power and shows that both George and Lennie are aware of how much power the other possesses. After looking for his work card in his pocket, Lennie take out a mouse to which George replies sharply. â€Å"What’d you take outta that pocket?† George’s tone is accusatory which shows that he is astute. He then continues to bombard Lennie with questions, which gives Lennie the chance to demonstrate another type of power – his cunning. He attempts to deceive George. â€Å"Ain’t a thing in my pocket† Although childlike, this sentence shows that Lennie’s mind is able to think of plans. How would he keep the mouse? By attempting to deceive George. Eventually, George’s patience wears thin and he exclaims â€Å"Give it here!† shouting at Lennie like a parent. Throughout the extract George issues a multitude of orders to Lennie. â€Å"You ain’t gonna say a word†, â€Å"We’re gonna work†, â€Å"You jus’ stand there†. These commands show just how pliable Lennie is and how George uses his power to make Lennie comply. George also uses idle threats to manipulate Lennie. â€Å"†¦if I didn’t have you on my tail†. This, again, shows George’s parental control over Lennie and goes hand in hand with his use of the dream to make Lennie work. Just as a child would get no presents at Christmas, Lennie would not be allowed to tend the rabbits if he steps out of line. But, as much as George chastises Lennie, he does give him appropriate encouragement. â€Å"Good boy. That’s swell.† Extract two focuses on Curley. When he enters the bunkhouse his authority over the ranch workers becomes very apparent. Steinbeck says that â€Å"he wore a work glove† and â€Å"he wore high-heeled boots†. The simple fact that Curley has to wear certain items of clothing suggests that his authority is somewhat artificial as opposed to Slim, whose power comes naturally. It is important to note how Curley’s body language changes when he notices the new men. He â€Å"glanced coldly†, â€Å"his hands closed into fists† and â€Å"his glance was at once calculating and pugnacious†. This kind of body language is very aggressive and he uses it to dominate the men. â€Å"Lennie squirmed under the look and shifted nervously on his feet† which shows that Curley’s power is very obvious and he continues to assert his power by invading Lennie’s personal space and speaking to him with a very brusque tone. Curley is quick to confront Len nie, as he feels like Lennie will be a threat dure to his size. â€Å"Let the big guy talk.† Lennie is unsure of how to respond to this and â€Å"twisted with embarrassment† which shows just how debilitated he is. As usual, George stands up for him and challenges Curley’s power. George has a very monosyllabic tone of voice when speaking to Curley which shows that he does not feel the need to elaborate and is perhaps being defiant. â€Å"Yeah, it’s that way.† Lennie looks helplessly to George for instruction when given the chance to talk which again demonstrates George’s power over him. Eventually, when Lennie does speak, he speaks â€Å"softly† which suggests a lack of power and perhaps a degree of uncertainty. Curley starts to get aggressive with Lennie, but the anger is totally unprovoked. Even Candy is wary of Curley’s power and â€Å"looked cautiously at the door to make sure no one was listening† before telling George that Curley is the boss’s son and that he is â€Å"pretty handy†. In this role, authority is implicit and Curley evidently has a lot of physical power if he is being described as â€Å"handy† by the other ranch workers. This is important to note in extract three when Lennie and Curley have a fight. At the beginning of extract three, Curley feels his power is being threatened by Carlson. He uses very authorial body language to regain this power but it is in vein as the ra nch workers feel comfortable standing up for themselves when they are together. Carlson lectures Curley on how he isn’t as powerful as he likes to think. Candy â€Å"joined [Carlson’s attack] with joy† and this is far from how Candy was acting at the end of extract two. Again, the ranch workers feel safer in large groups. Perhaps Curley decides to fight Lennie because he wants to demonstrate his strength and feels that Lennie is the weakest of the workers, therefore, the easiest to fight. Curley â€Å"stepped over to Lennie like a terrier†. Here Steinbeck, yet again, uses a simile to describe the invasion of Lennie’s personal space. â€Å"Then Curley’s rage exploded† and he uses a lot of expletives to provoke Lennie. This can be compared to George’s language and how he curses at Lennie calling him a â€Å"big bastard†. Perhaps Curley’s reaction is so vicious because he is afraid of being humiliated in front of the workers. â€Å"Lennie looked helplessly at George† which shows that he is weak, but more so vulnerable. Yet again, he looks to George for direction. At first, Lennie doesn’t fight back because he knows that if he gets himself into trouble he won’t be allowed to tend the rabbits, although when Curley starts getting very violent George encourages Lennie to fight back. â€Å"Get him, Lennie. Don’t let him do it.† The fact that Lennie has to be told by George to protect himself shows just how much leadership George has when it comes to Lennie. The line â€Å"I said get him† also emphasises George’s control. Lennie, however, redeems himself and crushes Curley’s hand. Lennie is so adamant to do what George has told him to do that he stills holds on to Curley’s fist even though George is slapping him and telling him to stop. â€Å"George slapped him in the face again and again, and still Lennie held on to the closed fist.† In conclusion, I think it is difficult to define the most powerful man on the ranch as Steinbeck presents so many different types of power; innate, physical, implicit, parental etc. Throughout all three of the extracts the balance of power shifts frequently, but authority is always evident. Steinbeck shows it very cleverly and subtly, almost manipulating the reader to anticipate certain reactions from certain characters which is why I find these extracts so engaging to read.

Human Development and Behaviour Case Study

Human Development and Behaviour Case Study Kaitlyn Elliot In this essay I will look at the different stages of some of the care service users in the case study and identify their aspects of development and their influences. I will also look at their life experiences and how a care worker could understand the behaviour of a care service user in the case study. Seamus who is at his older adulthood stage has multiple sclerosis and has been very ill for some time. It is important to find meaning of life instead of not wanting to do anything because you are old and feel like you should not be doing certain things. Physically Seamus reaction time is slowing down because of the loss of brain connections that break down as he gets older. He will find a gradual loss in muscle strength and mobility. Having strong muscles is important as they provide the force and strength to move the body so this will affect his posture and walk, and lead to slower movement. Having Multiple sclerosis also influences his physical development such as his vision, balance and can cause dizziness. This will make it harder for him to do the things he normally does in life or he maybe has to ask Marie to do it for him. Emotionally Seamus will be feeling more dependent on others and this could be making him upset or even depressed. He will be feeling worthless and helpless . These emotions could be influenced by the psychological reaction to MS or the side effects of the drugs he is having to take. He just wants to be treated the same way he was when he wasnt in the older adulthood stage. Stress is a normal part of life for most people and Seamus might be feeling stressed and upset about his daughter be depressed and trying to take her own life, but in addition people with MS have to deal with the pressure the condition itself causes. Seamus grandchildren visiting often would be a great pleasure for him and make him happy however they have been moved to residential units so he wont get to see them. Socialising in the older adulthood stage is important for the stimulation and motivation and may be more confident and experience a social life since he has more free time. However, he might struggle to go out because of his condition. Contact with his own children is important however his daughter is in hospital so he might find this hard to keep in contac t with her. Cognitive development is also important in the older adulthood as they dont want to feel useless. However, Seamus might take in new information slower than he used to. MS can also cause memory and thinking problems. He might also be unable to find the right word that he is thinking about. Celebrating familiar culture traditions can be comforting for Seamus and maybe make him happier. Having a sense of belonging to a community is important for him and may help him feel useful in a way and also wanted. John is at his adolescence stage in life and is going through a lot of development stages. Physically he is rapidly increasing in growth and weight and he is just starting to hit puberty this means his voice is deepening and has a large increase in muscle strength. Peers are very important at this stage and they might be influencing him at school to not be doing his homework as they dont think its cool enough for them. However because John is staying with his grandparents due to changes in family circumstances they do not allow him to have any friends over to socialize with, so this could be effecting his social development in a way that he feels lonely. John is having a lot of conflict with his grandparents as they do not like loud music and are becoming intolerant of having the children living with them. Emotionally John will be feeling upset and not knowing how to cope with the death of his father or the way his mum is. We can also see he is angry when his sister is put in a diffe rent residential unit 50 miles away from the one he is at and that she starts to make new friends and he has already absconded twice. Johns cognitive development is strongly noticed when he questions the views of his grandfather and starts to argue with him when he is trying to help him do his homework. Johns father Fred wanted his children to be doctors but John questions this when his grandfather is pushing him to be one when all he cares about is footballs. Being a part of peer culture is important for john at his age however with his grandparents being strict and not allowing him to do so is affecting his cultural development. Ola has had a few life experiences in her time one of these being the road accident where she lost her husband and had to give up working because of her injuries and depression from the accident. The Kubler Ross Grief cycle is a theory which allows us to understand how grief can impact on Olas life. Ola is currently in the denial and depression stage of the cycle as she is refusing to accept the facts and reality of the crash and she is also avoiding her own children and family as she may be feeling overwhelmed and helplessness after being admitted to hospital after trying to take her own life. A care worker could understand Johns behaviour by looking at the Carol Rodgers theory, as he believes that people can only fulfil their potential for growth if they have a positive view about their self and this can only happen if they are valued and respected by those around them. We can see that John doesnt feel valued or respected by his grandparents as they are not allowing him to have any friends over or even have a social life and just want him to do homework so he does well at school as his dad wanted his kids to be doctors when all John really cares about is football so this shows us he is not able to fulfil his potential for growth. Another theory the care worker could use is Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. This theory is similar to Rodgers as they both believe that all humans are motivated towards achieving their full potential. Maslow stated that People are motivated to achieve certain needs and that some needs take precedence over others. Our most basic need is for physical s urvival, and this will be the first thing that motivates our behaviour. Frustrated and unmet needs can lead to dysfunctional behaviour. John isnt achieving the belongingness and love needs as he has lost his dad, his mum is refusing to see him and his grandparents are struggling to cope with him and his sister so moved them to residential units which has angered john and caused him to lash out. So this could be another way a care user could try to understand why johns behaviour is the way it is and help support him through his difficulties. References: SFEU (2007) National Qualifications Phycology for Care Intermediate 2 www.simplypyschology.org

How Has Religion Affected History And Literature? :: essays research papers

â€Å"And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.† With these words, penned by the eminent political scientist Thomas Jefferson, the struggling colonies known as the United States proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and began an adventure that would develop this small nation into a world superpower. With this â€Å"firm reliance†, her people embraced the unknown future and set out to advance their country politically, economically, and socially. Now, over two centuries later, many would argue that this â€Å"Divine Providence† has been almost completely eradicated from society. Yet, despite these many claims, the fact remains that religion has played a vital role in American public life and, despite the â€Å"demoralization† of the United States that so many individuals cry out against, religion continues to be a basic cornerstone of American societal life. Over and over again, both the history and the literature of the United States of America have taught her people and the world that religion has and always will have an incalculable effect upon the society of the United States. Historically, many see the United States as a â€Å"Christian nation† founded on Christian principles by Christian men with Christian motives. Therefore, they will argue that this heritage should be continued in the U.S. today by allowing prayer in public schools, outlawing abortion, or giving religious organizations special privileges. However, a closer examination of American history reveals that although the United States was founded with many religious guidelines, America is not a specifically Christian nation. This having been said, it is important to recognize how religion has historically affected American society. A chief example of religion’s impact is found in the landmark Supreme Court ruling of 1962 in the case of Engel vs. Vitale in which organized prayer in the public school system was declared unconstitutional. Steven Engel, a Jewish man in New York, had visited his son’s classroom in the fall of 1958 and was offended when he observed the entire cl ass, including his son, with their hands clasped together and their heads bowed. Along with four other parents, Engel challenged the school board and its president, William Vitale, and, on June 25, 1962, the Supreme Court ruled 6-1 that organized prayer in public schools, regardless of whether they are a requirement or not, were unconstitutional and therefore must cease immediately.

Project Report on Bisleri Pvt. Ltd. Essay

Mineral Water under the name ‘Bisleri’ was first introduced in Mumbai in glass bottles in two varieties – bubbly & still in 1965 by Bisleri Ltd. , a company of Italian origin. This company was started by Signor Felice Bisleri who first brought the idea of selling bottled water in India. Parle bought over Bisleri (India) Ltd. In 1969 & started bottling Mineral water in glass bottles under the brand name ‘Bisleri’. Later Parle switched over to PVC non-returnable bottles & finally advanced to PET containers. Since 1995 Mr. Ramesh J. Chauhan has started expanding Bisleri operations substantially and the turn over has multiplied more than 20 times over a period of 10 years and the average growth rate has been around 40% over this period. Presently we have 8 plants & 11 franchisees all over India. We have our presence covering the entire span of India. In our future ventures we look to put up four more plants in 06-07. We command a 60% market share of the organized market. Overwhelming popularity of ‘Bisleri’ & the fact that we pioneered bottled water in India, has made us synonymous to Mineral water & a household name. When you think of bottled water, you think Bisleri. We at Bisleri value our customers & therefore have developed 8 unique pack sizes to suit the need of every individual. We are present in 250ml cups, 250ml bottles, 500ml, 1L, 1. 5L, 2L which are the non-returnable packs & 5L, 20L which are the returnable packs. Till date the Indian consumer has been offered Bisleri water, however in our effort to bring to you something refreshingly new, we have introduced Bisleri Natural Mountain Water – water brought to you from the foothills of the mountains situated in Himachal Pradesh. Hence our product range now comprises of two variants : Bisleri with added minerals & Bisleri Mountain Water. It is our commitment to offer every Indian pure & clean drinking water. Bisleri Water is put through multiple stages of purification, ozonised & finally packed for consumption. . Rigorous R&D & stringent quality controls has made us a market leader in the bottled water segment. Strict hygiene conditions are maintained in all plants. In our endeavour to maintain strict quality controls each unit purchases performs & caps only from approved vendors. We produce our own bottles in-house. We have recently procured the latest world class state of the art machineries that puts us at par with International standards. This has not only helped us improve packaging quality but has also reduced raw material wastage & doubled production capacity. You can be rest assured that you are drinking safe & pure water when you consume Bisleri. Bisleri is free of impurities & 100% safe. Enjoy the Sweet taste of Purity ! ORIGIN The name that epitomizes mineral water today was first introduced in Mumbai in the early 60’s. In 1965 Signor Felice Bisleri an Italian by origin, came up with the idea of selling bottled water in India. His company Bisleri Ltd. offered mineral water in two variants – bubbly and still. In 1969 Parle bought over Bisleri (India) Ltd. and started bottling Mineral water in glass bottles under the brand name ‘Bisleri’. In due course Parle switched over to PVC non-returnable bottles and finally advanced to PET containers. Expansion Under the leadership and vision of Mr. Ramesh J. Chauhan, Bisleri has undergone significant expansion in their operations.

A Good Teacher Essay

Education is one of the most important parts of our life. Therefore all teachers should try to be a â€Å"good teacher†. The teacher is to help your personality and learning. First, a good teacher is not boring. A good teacher must have â€Å"knowledge† of his/her subject matter. A good teacher should know how to explain the content in easier way that he is teaching. Being a good teacher is to understand the student. In addition, a good teacher should be able to understand that it is important to teach in simple steps so that all students in the class can understand the lesson. The â€Å"good teacher† works with students. A friend of mine told me her math teacher tolerates only students who are good at mathematics or those who have special interest in the subject. Towards the rest of the class my friend says she’s very exacting. She gives homework and tests without bothering to ask about difficulties. She doesn’t try to explain it and as a result many students keep getting bad marks. I family believe teacher shouldn’t forget that all students no matter of their color, race or gender have equal ability to study. Different students have different learning system. Some can learn things easily while others need to spend more time over a given task. That’s why it is advisable for a teacher to know his students individually so that he can remember what kind of problems they have and find the right way to help them. There’s no doubt that teachers have immense influence on their students. That’s why it it’s their responsibility to find the best approach of teaching and make classes more amusing and interesting. A Good Teacher Essay â€Å"Plants are shaped by cultivation and men by education. We are born weak, we need strength; we are born totally unprovided, we need aid; we are born stupid, we need judgement. Everything we do not have at our birth and which we need when we are grown is given to us by education. † (Jean Jacques Rousseau) It can be seen that education is one of the most important factor of our life. It is the tool that shapes us intellectually, socially, emotionally and personally. The kind of education that we receive depends highly on the educators that we encounter. A positive or negative encounter can impact our entire life. Therefore, if it is intended for today’s students to be responsible citizens of tomorrow’s society, then all teachers should emulate the roles of a â€Å"good teacher†. A good teacher is one who is knowledgeable of learners and their development, knowledgeable of subject matter and curriculum goals, creates a good learning environment and†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. It can be noted that from the interview conducted, Teacher X exemplifies most of the features of a â€Å"good teacher† and is therefore considered as one. Before entering in a classroom, a â€Å"good teacher† should be highly knowledgeable of the subject area they will be teaching and have a clear understanding of how to organize the curriculum in order to meet the need of the students and the objectives of the school. The interview highlighted that Teacher X is one of the chief writers of the curriculum for the examination body of her institution. It will be ones belief that a personnel would not have been bestowed such privilege if she was not competent in her subject area. She also outlined that her learning objectives are based on the knowledge, ability and skill of the students. This further exemplifies her since Darlington-Hammond and Baratz-Snowden (2005) states that based on the learning needs of their students, teachers must make a wide variety of curriculum decisions, ranging from the evaluation and selection of materials to the design and sequencing of tasks, assignments and activities to the assessment of learning to guide further teaching. The development of the curriculum in light of the students’ interest fosters intrinsic motivation and stimulates the students’ passion for learning a specific subject area. If given the opportunity for input, students’ will generate ideas and set goals that even the teacher had not thought of. At this point teachers should embrace the fact that they do not know everything and should be willing to learn from their students’ in the process. A â€Å"good teacher† must take the time to know her students. Know not only their names or facial representations, but their readiness level, learning styles and interest. Students are all individuals who learn at different rates and in different ways. Tomlinson (2001) outlines that students learn better if tasks are a close match for their skills and understanding of a topic (readiness), if tasks ignite curiosity or passion in a student (interest) and if the assignment encourages students to work in a preferred manner (learning style). The classrooms of our society can be extremely diverse, so teachers must be able to differentiate intrsuctions to meet the individual needs of each student.

Boston Beer Company SWOT Analysis

The Boston Beer Company is currently the largest craft beer company in the United States, however, the craft beer industry is growing in an otherwise shrinking market increasing the amount of serious competition that The Boston Beer Company is facing. In order to stay on top of the industry, The Boston Beer Company needs to find new, innovative ways of being the most appealing craft beer available to the average consumer.While The Boston Beer Company offers many different varieties of seasonal beer, they should begin to shift their focus to year-round specialty beers, such as a line of regional flavors based on their consumer’s regional taste preferences. Different regions across the United States have different taste preferences. American’s taste preferences are learned and tend to be centered on the type of food and flavors they consumed when they were growing up.Depending on the region that one grew up in, what culture influenced the local cuisine, and what spices we re readily available to cook with, consumers will tend to have varying tastes and flavor combinations. Consumers in the New Orleans area might prefer a beer with more of a Cajun-spice undertone while consumers in the Southwest United States might prefer a beer with more of a jalapeno or habanero spice undertone. Companies ranging from manufactures of potato chips to BBQ sauce market specific flavors to particular regions across the United States.If the flavor does especially well, then it is slowly released in other regions across the country. There are many different craft beer companies that provide regional flavors across the United States. These craft brewers tend to be much smaller in size than the Boston Beer Company therefore limiting the scope of their reach. The Boston Beer Company already has developed a presence across the United States, allowing the brewer to reach many more customers than their competitors. However, the Boston Beer Company has a variety of flavors that are available in all markets.By segmenting the market into different regions and focusing on regional preferences, they will be better equipped to compete with the smaller, regional competitors. By focusing on popular regional flavors, the Boston Beer Company will be able to increase their market share across the United States and compete with the smaller, local craft beer brewers on a more personalized level. Currently Sam Adams has a 19% share of the overall craft beer market but only a 1% share of the overall beer market.By increasing the overall market share, hopefully the Boston Beer Company will be able to increase their stake in the craft beer company by 6%, bringing their overall share to 25% and increase their presence in the overall beer market by 4%, bringing their share to 5%. As their market shares increase it is reasonable to presume that revenues will also rise. Over the last couple of years Boston Beer Company averaged an increase in revenues of 12% per year. If mark et share increases, then sales should hopefully increase by 8% bringing their annual revenue increase to 20% from the previous year.The first step to achieving these goals is to conduct a market study in each designated region (Far West, South East, Rocky Mountains, Plains, Great Lakes, South East, Mid-East and New England) focusing on the target demographic, 21-30 year olds with a disposable income, to determine which large cities would be more likely to support a nano-brewery, a very small brewery that brews several hundred 10 gallon batches of beer for sampling purposes, almost like a test kitchen, and be a viable test market. An outside, nationwide consultant firm should be hired to begin the regional studies.Market studies should focus on current local craft beers, number of local bars, and current market for new craft beers. Studies should begin at the beginning of the fiscal year and should be completed no later than the end of the second quarter. Each regional study should n ot exceed $75,000. Representatives from the outside consulting firm will report their finding to a carefully determined committee consisting of representatives from the following departments: Research and Development, Sales, Distribution, Real Estate, Finance, and Operations. The committee will then determine the cities with the most potential to move forward with.Representatives from the Real Estate Department will search the area for existing small, already existing brewery locations available to lease or rent. If no pre-existing locations are available, then competitors with the potential to buy out will be identified. Ideally, leases will be signed for a 7 year term, with the option to extend the lease after 5 years. All locations should be determined by the end of the third quarter. As soon as the areas are identified, members of the Human Resource Department will begin searching for Brew Master to run and operate each of the new nano-brewery locations.These Brew Masters can be identified from current brewery locations or from competitors local to the new locations. Training on the methods and policies of the Boston Beer Company should be immediately upon identification. Boston Beer Company should then conduct regional market studies to determine potential flavors for each specific region based off existing local craft breweries and popular regional flavor combinations. Each smaller market study should be conducted by local consulting firms who already have an understanding of the demographics and culture of the region they are studying.These studies should be completed by the end of the fourth quarter and should not exceed $25,000 each. The representatives of each consulting firms will meet with the existing committee to discuss their findings. Research and Development will look at the feasibility of each potential flavor combination and begin working with the Master Brewers for each nano-brewery location to begin production. After locations are determin ed and nano-breweries are functioning Boston Beer Company should conduct a test with a sample population from our target demographic to determine which beers should be put into production.After Master Brewers have several test batches of beer completed a sample population of volunteers will test the beers and provide feedback to the Master Brewers. The surveys and taste tests will be conducted by contracted local market research companies. Potential candidates for the survey and taste tests could be found on local university campuses and military bases, as the members of these groups tend to fall into the desired age demographic and are likely to consume alcoholic beverages in a social setting.Each study should have at least 200 participants, covering a wide variety of taste preferences and demographic back grounds. Instead of monetary compensation, participants will be paid with free beer samples and a case of any currently existing Sam Adams beer product, thereby cutting down on e xpenses. The market research company will provide transportation for study participants in order to insure no member of the research party will drive after consumption of alcohol. Each market study should be no more than $5,000 and be completed over the course of a period (one month).Master Brewers and 5 selected members of the research and development team will then take the compiled feedback and analyze the data provided. The group will be looking for any common trends, such as beers that score high on taste and appeal to decide which beer flavors to pursue and what adjustments, if any, need to be made to less desirable flavors. Lastly, Boston Beer Company should work with local bars and pubs and arrange mutual beneficial agreements where they are able to place newly created flavors on tap for three to six months to determine the beer’s popularity in the regional market.If the beer flavor remains popular for a year, then it will be sent to the brewery in Georgia and be put into increased production and sold to grocery stores and other outlets in bottled form. Local sales of the flavors available in bottled form will be closely monitored in order to determine overall approval. If the sales continue to grow for an extended period of time, roughly one year, than studies will be conducted in other regions to determine if a national release would be profitable.Each region should have their own regional sales team to carefully monitor the local markets in order to find key local bars and regional festivals in which the Boston Beer Company will be able to show case their new flavors. Another critical issue faced by Boston Beer Company is maintaining the freshness of the beer as is passes through the distribution system from the breweries to the direct consumers. To maintain the beers freshness, Boston Beer should construct or acquire more company owned breweries throughout the U. S. to align themselves in better geographical positions in order to reduce stoc kpiling of inventory for wholesalers and distributors.They should do so through the use of efficient information systems that provide accurate forecasts and real-time data. Boston Beer should work with the distributors on developing and integrating such systems. By constructing and acquiring more company owned breweries, Boston Beer can maintain its superior product quality and always give the customer the freshest beer in their selection choice in any environment.The initial costs of expanding will be offset by repeat customers who desire quality beer, which will lead to increased revenues and a greater market share in the industry. Without the additional breweries, Boston Beer Company will continue to store inventory for long periods of time in order to keep up with the demand for the product, but with the new breweries, Boston Beer Company will be able to implement more of a Just in Time approach to inventory management.Also, with the new breweries in better geographical position s Boston Beer will be able to provide its  wholesalers and distributors inventory much quicker than before, thus reducing the size of each order. As opposed to ordering enough inventory to get them through to the next shipment, wholesalers and distributors will order less inventory, but at a more constant rate. Since the orders will be more constant, but much smaller, Accounts Receivable for Boston Beer Company will decrease. To achieve these goals, first, a real estate campaign will go into effect in the first quarter of 2014 to identify real estate properties in Texas.Representatives from the Real Estate Department will search the Texas area for existing already existing brewery locations available to lease or rent. If no such establishment is available, then the representatives will begin searching for possible build locations. Boston will implement the Texas project only if the cost for full implementation is less than $45 million. The company would like to see their new compa ny owned brewery in operation by the fourth quarter of 2014. The campaign will also evaluate breweries in Georgia in the same fashion.The breweries in Georgia will, hopefully, be leased for 5-7 years with the option of renewing the contract after 5 years to maintain their presence in the supply chain network if their efforts prove successful. They will take their findings to the board and display why they chose those potential properties and breweries. The board will consider the value of each property and brewery to determine what implications the proposed projects in those areas will have on their supply chain network. The board has the final say in whether those projects will be taken.The Finance Department will undergo analysis of the capital structure of the Texas brewery and determine the level of debt taken as long as the level of equity is within the board’s set limit of 55%-65%. Final authorization will, however, remain with the board. Once the breweries have been ei ther built or leased, production of beer will begin. This action step will be fully integrated with the action step from the previous critical issue. The new Texas brewery will begin production of Boston Beer Company’s core products, including Sam Adams Boston Lager and Rebel IPA, as well as seasonal beers, including Winter Lager and Summer Ale.Georgia, on the other hand, will focus purely on the specialty beers and the regional beers mentioned previously. Once a new beer from one of the regions has been formulated by the Master Brewers, has passed the taste test by the sample population of volunteers, and then has remained popular for over a year in the local bars and pubs, it is to begin production in bottled form in a different region. The Master Brewer from whichever region the new beer has been produced will be brought to the Georgia brewery to teach the Master Brewer and staff the recipe and how to make the beer.Georgia will then put into production the new beer and for distribution to other regions. In an effort to coincide with the Freshest Beer Program, once the breweries are operating, Boston Beer will assign its logistics department use linear regression and exponential smoothing forecasts to determine the amount of inventory needed to be shipped to wholesalers on a one to two week basis. The logistics department will then meet with the sales and operations departments and report the results of these tests. The operations department will take these results and begin a plan of action to distribute the beer.Boston Beer’s sales department will then begin to work with their wholesaler’s sales departments to help aid in the overall forecasting of the supply chain in order to make more efficient forecasts and production planning schedules. The reduction of inventory by wholesalers will significantly reduce the Accounts Receivables while simultaneously reducing the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and Stale Beer Reserve on the books of Boston Beer and allow them to enter into more reliable collection terms on their sales.This will also allow them to carry more cash on hand which they should use for marketing their regional flavors to the Far West, South East, Rocky Mountains, Plains, Great Lakes, South East, Mid-East and New England regions to help stimulate sales for the Georgia brewery as well as market their traditional flagship brands to the Midwest to boost sales for the Texas brewery.In the next step, engineers from the MIS Department will be allocated $150,000 to install operating systems before distribution begins that will be used for the Texas brewery and create e-business tools that allow them to track order and delivery time, manage weather conditions, and respond to quickly changing customer demands. By implementing an effective internal communications system, a team from the Distribution Department will use the data to coordinate its shipping vehicles to their customers and intervene if things drift off course.Management will implement a DMAIC model of Six Sigma to continuously improve the distribution processes and reduce variability in the performance of their distribution system. Boston Beer Company should then hire an outside national consulting firm to search for potential brokers or agents who will distribute and stock its beer for the Georgia and Texas breweries. Currently Boston Beer Company has only one channel of distribution for its products. Since each and every state is different with its laws pertaining to handling alcohol, more distribution channels will need to be implemented.Since most states have laws in place preventing beer manufacturers from selling and distributing beer straight to retailers and consumers Boston Beer Company must use the brokers or agents that the consulting firm will search for. The consulting firm will report its findings with the following departments: Finance, Accounting, Sales, and Operations. The committee will then determine which, if any, of the brokers or agents found to begin operations with. Each study, one in Georgia and one Texas, should not exceed $50,000.Also, with the consolidation of the beer industry, big companies like InBev, SABMiller, and Molson Coors, there is some potential that exists for them to increase their influence with distributors making it difficult to for Boston Beer to maintain favorable contractual agreements with these distributors who carry less Boston Beer products than the bigger company products. To mitigate this risk, Boston Beer will allow $3,000,000 to be invested in order to acquire smaller distributors around their Texas and Georgia brewery.All acquisitions should be completed by the fourth quarter of 2014 to ensure distribution needs will be met for the new facilities. The last step in the process to ensure the freshness of Boston Beer Company’s beer is for the purchasing department for the Texas brewery will contract their malt ingredients with their current vend or in the U. S. They will conduct multi-term deals with their hops ingredients from English vendors of which they already are in connection. They will, however, hedge their foreign currency commitments to minimize the risk of potential depreciation of the Pounds Sterling.The apples will be contracted from various vendors on multiyear deals throughout the European market and yeast will continue to be purchased from current vendors. The productions facility will be allotted $150,000 to construct a cold storage facility that can hold a six months’ supply of hops and to maintain storage facilities for yeast, malt, and apples in order to safeguard against catastrophic events that could occur at other facilities within the company. The Georgia and Texas breweries will follow the same approach as the Boston brewery.